Embedding Adaptation: Domain Fine-Tuning, Hard-Negative Mining, and Production Recall

Retrieval quality dominates RAG quality. The off-the-shelf embedding models (OpenAI ada-002, Cohere v3, voyage-large) are excellent on general text but systematically underperform on domain-specific corpora — medical literature, legal contracts, product catalogs, internal knowledge bases with team-specific jargon. Senior engineers running RAG at scale eventually face a measurable retrieval ceiling that no amount of chunking tweaks can break. The right answer is sometimes domain-adapted embedding

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